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Section C. Manufacturing Industry

17 Sept 2019, 00:00
126

 Continuation of Table 1 

Subdivision

Group

Sub-Group

  

Application Guidelines

10

108

  

MANUFACTURE OF PREPARED ANIMAL FODDER

  
   

1080

Cattle and buffalo breeding

1. Reduce the manufacture of mixed fodder for animal husbandry by 50-70% within 5 years.

Reasons:

  1. fodder manufactured in 2018: 1 billion tonnes
  2. the area of arable land for growing animal fodder amounts to 500 million hectares
  3. systematic deforestation to create arable land for animal husbandry
  4. forecasted annual growth of arable land for growing fodder amounts to 750,000 hectares, by 2050 the total area of arable land for growing fodder will increase by 23.3 million hectares

2. Manufacture bio-protein* from methane and other organic materials.

Reason:

create an analogue to animal protein in mixed fodder.

* Bio-Protein

Biotechnology, high-yielding strains, efficient nutrient media and processing equipment make it possible to produce bio-protein from methane in large quantities of consistently high quality. Bio-protein from methane is a full-fledged microbiological protein and can be used as the main functional component of mixed fodder and protein-vitamin supplements (PVS). Bio-protein contains 70-79% raw protein. It is a complete protein product with a high content of B vitamins (especially B12), amino acids (including lysine 5.3% and sulfur-containing amino acids - 1.7%) and trace elements that fully meets the needs of animals of different groups and ages.

Advantages:

  • stable production, regardless of seasonal and climatic changes, with a continuous supply cycle at fixed prices;
  • reduced environmental impact;
  • consistently high-quality products that ensure cost-effective agricultural production;
  • additional benefits achieved by means of more thorough processing (food and pharmaceutical production);
  • reliable storage;
  • one ton of bio-protein makes it possible to provide 20 tons of mixed fodder with a balanced protein content and receive an additional 1.5 tons of poultry meat, 15 thousand eggs and 0.8 tons of pork;
  • bio-protein makes it possible to manufacture full-fledged, balanced mixed fodders that ensure the harmless development of animal industries, poultry farming and fish farming;
  • bio-protein is non-toxic and does not have a carcinogenic or cumulative effect;
  • the meat product created from the use of bio-protein in animal fodder is beneficial to humans, as well as being environmentally friendly.
  • bio-protein is important not only for animals, but also for human nutrition.

Bio-protein can also be obtained from biomaterial. Every year, around 3-7 billion animals die from disease, fires, etc. around the world. This new technology makes it possible to decontaminate animal carcasses and convert them into bio-protein.*
After the Eco sapiens worldview becomes established in the world, that is, after 2030, this technology could be used instead of cremation of deceased persons. It will minimize the discharge of hazardous substances formed during the incineration of dead bodies into the atmosphere.

 

Continuation of Table 1

Subdivision

Group

Sub-Group

  

Application Guidelines

12

120

1200

TOBACCO MANUFACTURE

Reduce the manufacture of tobacco products.

Reasons:

  1. mass deforestation: 11.5 million tonnes of wood is burned annually to dry tobacco leaves
  2. smoking tobacco directly releases 2.6 million tonnes of carbon dioxide and about 5.2 million tons of methane into the air
  3. 200,000 hectares of forest land are destroyed each year (300 cigarettes = 1 tree)
  4. cigarette butts are one of the most widespread types of waste worldwide: 2,000,000 tons of solid waste, 300,000 tons of nicotine and 200,000 tons of chemical waste
  5. the number of annual tobacco-related deaths amounts to 7 million

14

    

CLOTHING MANUFACTURE

  
 

141

1410

Clothing manufacture, apart from furs

1. Reduce clothing manufacture by 70%.

2. Introduce regulations governing textile manufacture and product turnover

Reasons:

  1. global manufacture of textile fibers in 2017: 95 million tonnes, of which 70 million, or more than 400 billion m2, were chemical fibers
  2. water consumption: 215 billion tonnes per year
  3. greenhouse gas emissions: 4 billion tonnes of CO2 equivalent per year

3. Eliminate the use dyes in clothing manufacture.

Reasons:

  1. wastewater contamination with insoluble toxic chemicals
  2. color-related greenhouse gas emissions: 1.1 billion tonnes of CO2 equivalent per year
  3. water consumption: 60 billion tonnes per year

4. Improve and introduce mandatory quality standards for materials for clothing manufacture

Reasons:

  1. clothing quickly wears out due to poor quality materials
  2. the use of low-quality materials in manufacture leads to high recycling rates
 

142

1420

Manufacture of fur products

Reduce the manufacture of natural fur products by 50% and artificial fur by 100% within 5 years.

Reasons:

  1. inhumane treatment of animals
  2. excessive consumption of plastic
  3. high toxicity of manufacture
  4. in 2018, more than 75 million mink were killed worldwide for fur manufacture

15

    

MANUFACTURE OF LEATHER AND RELATED PRODUCTS

Prohibit the manufacture of leather goods (accessories).

Reasons:

  1. annual leather manufacture: 2 billion m2
  2. anti-humane treatment of animals
  3. emits more greenhouse gases than other materials: 230 million tons of CO2 equivalent per year
   

1512

Manufacture of suitcases, bags and similar items, harness items

Establish suitcase dimensions of no more than 30 liters per person.

Reason:

Moderate use will eliminate the need for large-size baggage.
 

152

1520

Shoe manufacture

Reduce shoe manufacture by 50% within 5 years.

Reasons:

  1. greenhouse gas emissions: 700 million tonnes of CO2 equivalent per year
  2. annual water consumption: 30 billion tonnes
  3. shoe manufacture: 23 billion pairs per year

17

    

MANUFACTURE OF PAPER AND PAPER PRODUCTS

Reduce paper and pulp manufacture by 70% within 5 years. Switch from office paper products to electronic products using electronic printing and signatures.

Reasons:

  1. annual paper manufacture: about 400 million tonnes
  2. annual water consumption: 140 billion tonnes
  3. paper accounts for 33% of household waste and 50% of industrial waste
  4. annual forest loss: 125 million trees

19

    

MANUFACTURE OF COKE AND PETROCHEMICALS

  
 

192

1920

Manufacture of petrochemicals

Reduce the manufacture of petrochemicals used as fuel by 50% within 5 years.

Reasons:

  1. annual manufacture of petrochemicals: 4.5 billion tonnes in 2017
  2. greenhouse gas emissions: 17.5 billion tonnes per year of CO2 equivalent

20

201

2011

MANUFACTURE OF CHEMICALS AND CHEMICAL PRODUCTS

Reduce chemical manufacture by 70% within 5 years.

Reasons:

  1. recycling of chemical wastes: 400 million tonnes per year
  2. global chemical manufacture: 1.4 billion tons per year


Introduce non-waste production technologies ("green chemistry"*).
   

2012

Manufacture of fertilizers and nitrogen compounds

Introduce a complete ban on the manufacture of fertilizers, the use of which leads to salinization and necrosis of irrigated soils.

Reason:

soil degradation: 12 million hectares per year; total area of degraded soils with low fertility amounts to as much as 6 billion hectares.
   

2021

Manufacture of pesticides and other agrochemical products

Introduce a complete ban on the manufacture of pesticides and other toxic chemicals, the use of which leads to salinization and necrosis of irrigated soils.

Reason:

soil degradation: 12 million hectares per year; total area of degraded soils with low fertility amounts to as much as 6 billion hectares.

* Green Chemistry

As a scientific discipline, Green chemistry is based on improving processes that have a positive impact on the environment and minimize the use and formation of hazardous substances.
Green chemistry also envisages the selection of raw materials and starting processes that completely eliminate the use of harmful substances.   

Principles of Green chemistry:

  • Prevention. Preventing loss is more expedient than waste recycling and purification.
  • Economy. Choosing synthesis methods, in which all the materials used end up in the final product.
  • Safe synthesis methods. The synthesis methods employed should not use or synthesize substances harmful to humans or the environment.
  • Development of safe chemicals. Obtaining a desired chemical product that is as non-toxic as possible.
  • Safe auxiliary substances. Avoiding the use of solvents and separating agents, and if this is not possible, their use should be harmless.
  • Energy efficiency. Minimizing energy consumption; carrying out synthesis processes at temperatures and atmospheric pressures close to environmental values.
  • Use of renewable raw materials. Using raw materials and consumables where appropriate.
  • Minimization of intermediate products. Prohibiting the creation of intermediate products (blocking groups, protection feeder and deprotection, etc.).
  • Catalysis. Using catalytic processes (as selectively as possible).
  • Product safety. Obtaining a chemical product that does not remain in the environment after use, but decomposes into harmless products.
  • Real-time analysis. Developing analytical methods for monitoring and controlling the formation of hazardous substances.
  • Use of non-hazardous chemicals. Choosing substances and substance compounds for use in chemical processes that minimize the risk of leakage, explosion and fire.

Continuation of Table 1  

Subdivision

Group

Sub-Group

  

Application Guidelines

20

201

2022

Manufacture of paints, varnishes and similar coatings, printing inks and pastes

1. Reduce ink manufacture by 80% within 5 years.

Reasons:

  1. 9.6 million people die from cancer every year – there is a 20-40% higher risk of developing certain cancers for people who regularly work with paint;
  2. expected demand for paint by 2020: 55 million tonnes.
  3. production of titanium dioxide, which has the greatest negative impact on the environment (emissions of CO2, N2O, SO2, NOx, CH4 and volatile organic compounds [VOC]).
  4. discharge of volatile organic compounds after paint has dried;

2. Introduce mandatory maximum harmless VOC content.

  1. low volatile organic compound content: less than 200 g/l
  2. without organic compounds: less than 5 g/l

3. Implement the mandatory Green Seal standard, which expressly prohibits the use of the following components within 5 years:

  • halogen methane (methylene chloride)
  • chlorinated ethane (1,1,1-trichloroethane)
  • aromatic solvents (benzene, toluene (methylbenzene), ethylbenzene)
  • chlorinated ethylene (vinyl chloride)
  • multi-core aromatic compounds (naphthalene)
  • chlorobenzene (1.2-dichlorobenzene)
  • phthalic esters (di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, butyl benzyl phthalate, di-n-butyl phthalate, di-n-ocyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, dimethyl phthalate)
  • various semi-volatile organic substances (isophorons)
  • heavy metals and their compounds (antimony, cadmium, hexavalent chromium, lead, mercury)
  • preservatives (formaldehyde)
  • ketones (methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone)
  • various volatile organic substances (acrolein, acrylonitrile)
   

2023

Manufacture of soaps and detergents, cleaning and polishing products, perfumes and cosmetics

1. Strictly prohibit the use of micro plastics in the manufacture of perfumes and cosmetics within 5 years.

Reason:

Pollution of sea water: treatment facilities annually dump about 26 tons of micro plastics from cosmetic products into the sea.

2. Reduce the manufacture of sunscreen.

Reason:

14,000 tonnes are dissolved in the ocean every year, destroying the DNA of coral reefs.
         

21

    

MANUFACTURE OF PHARMACEUTICALS, MEDICAL CHEMICALS AND MEDICINAL HERBAL PRODUCTS

1. Introduce stricter standards for designing the packaging of such pharmaceuticals.

Reason:

33% of medical errors are caused by taking the wrong medication.

2. Completely prohibit the manufacture of synthetic vitamins within 5 years.

Reason:

Increased risk of premature death.

22

    

MANUFACTURE OF RUBBER AND PLASTIC PRODUCTS

  
 

221

  

Manufacture of rubber products

1. Reduce the manufacture of rubber products (footwear, tires, coatings, etc.) by 80% within 5 years.

Reasons:

  1. greenhouse gas emissions: about 300 million tons of CO2 equivalent per year
  2. air pollution with SO2, NOx, CO2, soot, С6Н6О2, С2Н4, СН2О and several other toxic and corrosive compounds
  3. rubber wastes, when exposed to the air, undergo gradual degradation and discharge volatile components and metals into the atmosphere.

2. Switch to the manufacture of natural rubber products.
 

222

2220

Manufacture of plastic products

Completely ban the manufacture of non-recyclable plastic products within 5 years.

Reasons:

  1. Annual non-recyclable plastic waste: 360 million tonnes
  2. 91% of plastic waste is not recycled
  3. annual manufacture of plastics: 400 million tons per year
  4. The total area of debris slicks in the world"s oceans is comparable to the area of the USA: 10 million km2

23

    

MANUFACTURE OF OTHER NON-METALLIC MINERAL PRODUCTS

  
 

239

2395

Manufacture of concrete, cement and gypsum products

1.Reduce the manufacture of concrete, cement and gypsum products within 5 years.

Reason:

greenhouse gas emissions from cement manufacture: 1.5 billion tonnes of CO2 equivalent in 2016.

2. Encourage the use of nano concrete* and other innovative building materials.


3. Encourage the use of new technologies to produce composite building materials**.

*Nano concrete is an innovative building material containing the following elements, %:

  • ground industrial waste of basalt fiber (99.3-99.6);
  • caustic sodium (0.5-0.1);
  • water (0.3-0.5);
  • nano modifier (in particular, a polyamide material called "Astralen") (0.0001-0.001).

Main advantages:

  • water-tightness;
  • frost resistance;
  • compressive strength (2 - 150 MPa);
  • resistance to cracking;
  • fire resistance (up to 800 °С);
  • bullet-proof;
  • reduces the weight of the structure several times;
  • the nano concrete manufacturing technology does not require new technological equipment.

The above advantages are due to the special structure formed due to the self-organization of cement rock in the presence of Astralen at the nano-level. Polyamide materials have a very significant dipole feature and, in the presence of water, align cement rock grains in chains from the polyamide along the dipole vectors. Astralen has a circular, volumetric, multipolar orientation. As a result, the cement forms around the Astralen in a star-shaped manner, penetrating the filler strata with an additional nano-reinforcing multi-polar binder.

** Application of new technologies for obtaining composite building materials
The depletion of mineral resources and fuel reserves makes it necessary to transform natural resources into beneficial products to the greatest extent possible, as well as develop energy-saving technologies.
The manufacture of clinker-free compound cements using man-made materials is an effective way to save resources in the construction sector. Composite magnesia binders are distinguished among compound cements for their properties and operating conditions.
The technology developed for obtaining highly pure magnesium oxide and the binder manufactured on its basis will make it possible to significantly reduce the price of the product and endow it with new properties.
Magnesian binders are substances, the active component of which is magnesium oxide.
Magnesian binders undergo intensive hardening that does not require a wet environment or heating.
According to their parameters, magnesian binders can be classified as fast-setting, high-strength, air-hardened binders.
Magnesian binders have significant advantages over Portland cement.

Depending on the aggregate used, magnesian cements have the following properties:

  • mechanical strength during compression is 3-5 times greater without the use of additional reinforcing materials and matures in no more than 3-5 days;
  • high impact strength;
  • high wear resistance;
  • weather resistance at the level of most traditional materials;
  • absolute oil and salt resistance (under the influence of oils, petroleum products, sea water, magnesian cements only become stronger);
  • high decorative capacity, i.e. they can be used to imitate many natural materials (from wood to malachite);
  • fire safety - with sufficient mass, structures made of magnesian cement can withstand 5th category fires without the material being destroyed or discharging any carcinogenic substances;
  • fungicidal, bactericidal and biocidal properties, which prevent the development of fungi and bacteria, while the bitter-salty taste of the bishophite also wards off insects and rodents;
  • low dielectric permeability and conductivity, stable over time and is little affected by the humidity of the environment; this material is indispensable for the manufacture of special-purpose structures designed to protect against electromagnetic radiation, the surface of structures made from magnesite do not become electrified or form sparks;
  • magnesian binders and products made on its basis are biologically inert, that is, they are environmentally safe; moreover, magnesian binders have certain balneological effect that saturates the air, as well as sea water;
  • magnesian floor coverings are dust-free and essentially do not shrink, i.e. they can be laid in one piece, thus avoiding deforming seams, are durable and high-strength;
  • there are large natural reserves of magnesium-containing minerals that constitute at least 8% of the Earth’s crust; the energy required to manufacture magnesia cement constitutes only 30-40% of the amount required to manufacture Portland cement.

Magnesian binders can be used to manufacture essentially everything: wall materials, structural bars, foam-magnesian blocks made to look like brick or crushed stone, various floor coverings.
Magnesian coatings have valuable qualities that are not found in other materials and are indispensable for floors with high fire safety requirements in printing, textile, pulp-and-paper and oil-refining industries, as well as in premises that require exceptional purity:

Sphere of application:

  • hazardous industries;
  • nuclear power plants;
  • warehouses of weapons and military equipment;
  • fuel and lubricants storage facilities;
  • warehouses and terminals;
  • medical and pharmaceutical institutions;
  • food industry enterprises;
  • children"s institutions.

Main properties:

  • high durability of floor coverings;
  • high adhesion – one of the material’s very important construction properties, allowing magnesian floors based on concrete, wood, metal, natural stone, and brick to be joined without reinforcement;
  • magnesian screeds and coatings do not shrink, so cracks do not form in floors made from magnesian cement;
  • wear resistance;
  • frost resistance;
  • oil and gas resistance;
  • water resistance;
  • explosion and fire safety.

Continuation of Table 1 

Subdivision

Group

Sub-Group

  

Application Guidelines
   

2396

Stone cutting, shaping and finishing

Provide privileges to enterprises engaged in stone processing – tax exemption.

Reasons:

  1. durability of the stone
  2. no synthetic ingredients
  3. availability
  4. environmental friendliness
  5. can be recycled

24

241

2410

Metallurgical industry

Reduce steel manufacture by 10% per year within 7 years.

Reason:

  1. steel manufacture: 1.8 billion tonnes in 2018
  2. greenhouse gas emissions: 3 billion tonnes of CO2 equivalent
  3. water consumption amounts to 400 billion tonnes
  4. wastewater pollution
  5. air pollution

26

    

MANUFACTURE OF COMPUTER, ELECTRONIC AND OPTICAL EQUIPMENT

1. Introduce mandatory recycling and disposal of all electronic waste in the manufacture of computer, electronic and optical equipment.

Reasons:

  1. only 15-20% of electronic waste is recycled;
    there is a large amount of metals and toxic chemicals in electronic waste.

2. Reduce the manufacture of computer, electronic and optical equipment by 60% within 5 years.

Reason:

300 million computers and 1 billion telephones are produced annually, a figure that is increasing by 8% each year.

27

    

ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURE

  
 

274

2740

Manufacture of electrical lighting equipment
  1. Reduce the manufacture of electric lighting equipment by 50% within 5 years;
  2. Use minimum intensity light sources;
  3. Use motion detectors;
  4. Improve the target direction of lighting fixtures;
  5. Make conscious choices in types of lighting: eliminate the need for LED lamps that emit blue, white and green light by 80% within 5 years;
  6. Optimize existing room lighting schemes;
  7. Reduce the use of decorative lighting on public holidays;
  8. Use closed-type light bulbs;
  9. Develop an alternative to sea cruises, lighthouses and ships.
  10. Begin using automatic emission sources of ultraviolet radiation*

Reason:

Excessive anthropogenic light pollution.

* Automatic emission sources of ultraviolet radiation

Advantages:

  • wide range of applications
  • environmental friendliness
  • high efficiency
  • energy saving
  • service life - 50,000 hours
  • low prime cost
  • ability to work in impulse mode
  • operates at any luminous flux power
  • the lamp design can be changed depending on the application - miniature source, flat source with a large radiating surface area, finger lamp
  • wide operating temperature range
  • resistance to mechanical vibrations and network fluctuations
  • low inertia (time of "electric" inclusion of the cathode does not exceed 10-8 C).

The wide use of automatic emission sources of ultraviolet radiation will significantly reduce anthropogenic light pollution.

Continuation of Table 1 

Subdivision

Group

Sub-Group

  

Application Guidelines

29

    

MANUFACTURE OF CARS, TRAILERS AND SEMI-TRAILERS

  
 

291

2910

Car Manufacture

1. Reduce car manufacture by 70% within 5 years.

2. Introduce a ban on buying a car without owning a paid, environmentally friendly parking space.

3. Ensure the development of public and cycling transport.

Reasons:

  1. negative impact on the environment: water, soil and air ollution by industrial waste
  2. greenhouse gas emissions from cars: 6 billion tons of CO2 quivalent per year
  3. replacement of free urban space with parking lots
  4. size of the global fleet in 2018 1.5 billion units
  5. car manufacture in 2018 amounted to 90 million units.
 

293

2930

Manufacture of car parts and accessories

1. Reduce the manufacture of synthetic rubber tires by 60% within 5 years.

Reasons:

  1. 60 per cent of the rubber used in tire manufacture is synthetic rubber;
  2. annual tire manufacture from synthetic rubber amounts to 1.8 billion units.

2. Completely switch to natural rubber tire manufacture.

3. Prohibit the manufacture of gasoline and diesel internal combustion engines within 5 years.

Reasons:

  1. annual consumption of petroleum products: 2.2 billion tons;
  2. greenhouse gas emissions: 6 billion tons of CO2 equivalent per year.

30

    

MANUFACTURE OF OTHER VEHICLES AND EQUIPMENT

  
 

301

  

Ship- and boat-building

Ban the building and use of ships consuming fuel oil and other pollutants within 5 years.

Reasons:

  1. marine pollution;
  2. greenhouse gas emissions: 1.3 billion tons of CO2 equivalent per year.
  3. use of fuel oil by the global naval fleet: 108,000 units.
 

303

3030

Manufacture of air and space vehicles and related machinery and equipment

1. Introduce a powerful plasma space engine*.

2. Promote the development and manufacture of dirigibles.

Reason: low environmental impact of this kind of airship.

* Powerful plasma space engine

Innovation and Applicability

The project’s innovation and scientific applicability is reflected in its significant progress in rapidly developing world scientific research on thermonuclear synthesis and hot plasma physics, which implements a device that implements magnetic isolation of plasma flow and an electrodeless high-frequency method of energy injection into the plasma.

Results:

  • adjustable thrust range: from 1H to 9H;
  • corresponding specific pulse range: from 10,000 to 1,000 sec.;
  • efficiency amounts to approximately 60%.

Competitive advantages:

  • the power density (MW/m2) in the nozzle section is 10-100 times higher, which makes it possible to create a powerful plasma engine in the form of a single compact module with much  smaller dimensions and weight.
  • essentially full use of the working body (gas), which provides increased operating time without increasing the weight. For reference: in ion engines use of the working body (gas) does not exceed 50%.
  • absence of high constant voltages in the engine’s power supply system, only simple and reliable resonant chains isolated from plasma are used, which raises the reliability and service life.
  • there is no separation of charges, so no volume charge compensators are required, which also increases the reliability.
  • absence of electrodes that deteriorate during operation, which raises the reliability and service life.
  • operative regulation is carried out in a wide range of the ratio of traction-to-volume impulse: current control, i.e. without interference in the design.
  • the engine design can be scaled within a wide range of input electric power (0.2 MW ... 10 MW and more without changing its design).

This technology reduces harmful emissions into the atmosphere and allows for more efficient space exploration.

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